Extending The Scope Of Urban Morphology
Anahtar Kelimeler:
urban morphologyÖzet
Urban morphology - the study of urban form - has a long history dating to at least the late nineteenth century. Early publications were descriptive and lacked detail. in the mid-twentieth century a historico-geographical layer was added, and from architecture came a typo- morphological approach. in the later twentieth century came consideration not just of the physical form but of the processes by which it is formed: agents and agency. Most recently added are technological approaches using tools such as space syntax, CiS and simulation. All these approaches have strengths and weaknesses. This paper presents an overview of the development of urban morphology, with particular examples from the pages of the first quarter- century of the journal Urban Morphology. Of particular importance are trends towards multiple authorship; multi- and inter-disciplinary approaches; comparisons between approaches; and a general move towards a much richer and more complex urban morphology. Yet gaps and opportunities remain, and this paper identifies potential developments in urban morphology for the next decade.
İndirmeler
Referanslar
Allahmoradi, M. and Cömert, N. Z. (2021).Anew complementary model for integrating historico-geographical and configurational approaches: the case of Famagusta. Urban Morphology 25, 115-36.
Allain, R. (2004). Morphologie urbaine. Paris: Armand Colin.
Baker, N. J. and Slater, T. R. (1992). Morphological regions in English medieval towns. J. W. R. Whitehand and P. J. Larkham, eds, Urban Landscapes: international Perspectives, London: Routledge, 43-68.
Barthelemy, M. and Flammini, A. (2008). Modeling urban street patterns. Physical Review Letters 100, 138702.
Batty, M. (1976). Urban Modelling. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Batty, M. (2009) Darwin at 200 and the evolution of planning. Environment and Planning B: Planning and Design 36, 954-5.
Batty, M. (2017). Benedikt's challenge: reconstructing the whole from the parts. Environment and Planning B: Urban Analytics and City Science 44, 395-7.
Bobek, H. (1927). Grundfragen der Stadtgeographie. Geographische Anzeiger 28, 213-24.
Bridle, H., Vrieling, A., Cardillo, M., Araya, Y. and Hinojosa, L. (2013). Preparing for an interdisciplinary future: a perspective from early-career researchers. Futures 53: 22-32.
Cataldi, G. (2003). From Muratori to Caniggia: the origins and development of the italian school of design typology. Urban Morphology 7, 19-34.
Cataldi, G. (2013). Thinking about Alnwick's origins. Urban Morphology 17, 125-8.
Civco, D. L., Hurd, J. D., Wilson, E. H., Arnold, C. L. and Prisloe, M. (2002). Quantifying and describing urbanizing landscapes in the Northeast United States. Photogrammetric Engineering and Remote Sensing 68, 1083-90.
Conzen, M. P. (2004). Glossary of technical terms. M. P. Conzen, ed., Thinking About Urban Form, Oxford: Lang, 239-61.
Conzen, M. P. (2009). How cities internalize their former urban fringes: a cross- cultural comparison. Urban Morphology 13, 29-54.
Conzen, M. R. G. (1958). The growth and character of Whitby. G. H. J. Daysh, ed., A Survey of Whitby and the Surrounding Area, Eton: Shakespeare Head Press, 49-89 and separate map volume.
Conzen, M. R. G. (1960). Alnwick, Northumberland: a Study in Town-Plan Analysis. institute of British Geographers Publication 27. London: George Philip.
Conzen, M. R. G. (1966). Historical townscapes in Britain: a problem in applied geography. J. W. House, ed., Northern Geographical Essays in Honour of G. H. J. Daysh, Newcastle on Tyne: Oriel Press, 95-102.
Conzen, M. R. G. (1969). Glossary. M. R. G. Conzen, Alnwick, Northumberland: a Study in Town-Plan Analysis. 2nd edition. institute of British Geographers Publication
London; institute of British Geographers, 123-31.
Crang, M. (2000). Urban morphology and the shaping of the transmissable city. City 4, 303-15.
D'Acci, L. ed. (2019). The Mathematics of Urban Morphology. Cham: Birkhauser. Delanty, G. (2005). Social science. Maidenhead: McGraw-Hill Education.
Di Bella, E., Leporatti, L. and Persico, L.. (2017) The spatial configuration of urban crime environments and statistical modelling. Environment and Planning B: Urban Analytics and City Science 44, 647-67.
Dibble, J. L. (2016). Urban morphometrics: towards a quantitative science of urban form. PhD thesis, University of Strathclyde.
Dienner, J. A. (1963). Simplifying the examination of US patent applications. Journal of the Patent Officers' Society 45, 79.
Fleischmann, M. (2018). Measuring Urban Form. Urban Design 146, 6-7.
Frölich, K. (1938). Zur Verfassungstopographie der deutschen Stadte des Mittelalters. Zeitschrift der Savigny-Stiftung für Rechtsgeschichte. Germanistische Abteilung 58: 275-310.
Gilbert, S. W. (1991). Model building and a definition of science. Journal of Research in Science Teaching 28, 73-9.
Greason, J. (2011). A settlement strategy for NASA. Keynote address to the international Space Development Conference, Chicago.
Haghani, T. (2009). Fractal Geometry, Complexity, and the Nature of Urban Morphological Evolution. PhD thesis, Birmingham City University.
Hijazi, i., Li, X., Koenig, R., Schmit, G., El Meouche, R., Lv, Z. and Abune'meh,
M. (2017). Measuring the homogeneity of urban fabric using 2D geometry data. Environment and Planning B: Urban Analytics and City Science 44, 1097-121.
Hillier, B. (2016). What are cities for? And how does this relate to their spatial form? Journal of Space Syntax 6, 199-212.
Huutoniemi, K., Klein, J. T., Bruun, H. and Hukkinen, J. (2010). Analyzing interdisciplinarity: typology and indicators. Research Policy 39, 79-88.
Jiang, B. and Claramunt, C. (2002). integration of space syntax into GiS: new perspectives for urban morphology. Transactions in GiS 6, 295-309.
Kropf, K. S. (1993). The Definition of Built Form in Urban Morphology. PhD thesis, University of Birmingham.
Kropf, K. S. (2014). Ambiguity in the definition of built form. Urban Morphology 18, 41-57.
Kwan, M. P. and Schwanen, T. (2009). Quantitative revolution 2: the critical (re) turn. The Professional Geographer 61, 283-91.
Larkham, P. J. (1992). Organic thought in urban geography: the 'evolution' of towns. Australian Geographical Studies 30, 72-7.
Larkham, P. J. (2002). Misusing morphology. Urban Morphology 6, 95-7.
Larkham, P. J. and Jones,A. N. (1991)AGlossary of Urban Form. Monograph 26, institute of British Geographers Historical Geography Research Group. Norwich: GeoBooks.
Le6n, J. and March, A. (2016) An urban response to disaster vulnerability: improving tsunami evacuation in iquique, Chile. Environment and Planning B: Planning and Design 43, 826-47.
Ley, K. (2012). What is an urban morphologist? Urban Morphology 16, 78-80.
Li, X. and Zhang, Y. (2021). Combining the historico-geographical and configurational approaches to urban morphology: the historical transformations of Ludlow, UK and Chinatown, Singapore. Urban Morphology 25, 23-42.
Louis, H. (1936). Die geographische Gliederung von Gross-Berlin. H. Louis and W. Lanzer, eds, Landerkundliche Forschung: Krebs-festschrift. Stuttgart: Engelhorn, 146-71.
Lyall, C., Bruce, A., Tait, J. and Meagher, L. (2015). interdisciplinary Research Journeys: Practical Strategies for Capturing Creativity. London: Bloomsbury.
Marat-Mendes, T., d'Almeida, P. B. and Borges, J. C. (2021). Concepts and definitions for a sustainable planning transition: lessons from moments of change. European Planning Studies https://doi.org/10.1080/09654313.2021.1894095.
Markus, T. A. (1993). Buildings and power. London: Routledge.
Millward, H. A. (1979). Geographical aspects of the 'High Frontier' concept. Geografiska Annaler B61, 113-21.
Morillo, F., Bordons ,M. and Gomez, i. (2003). interdisciplinarity in science: a tentative typology of disciplines and research areas. Journal of the American Society for information Science and Technology 54, 1237-49.
Moudon, A. V. (1992). A catholic approach to organizing what urban designers should know. Journal of Planning Literature 6, 331-49.
Moudon, A. V. (1997). Urban morphology as an emerging interdisciplinary field. Urban Morphology 1, 3-10.
Oliveira, V. and Medeiros, V. (2016). Morpho: combining morphological measures. Environment and Planning B: Planning and Design 43, 805-25.
Olsen, D. J. (1986). The City as a Work of Art: London, Paris, Vienna. New Haven: Yale University Press.
Openshaw, S. (1974). Processes in Urban Morphology with Special Reference to South Shields. PhD thesis, University of Newcastle upon Tyne.
Panerai, P., Castex, J. and Depaule, J. C. (1997). Formes Urbaines: de l'ilot a la Barre. Marseille: Editions Parentheses (extended and translated as Panerai, P., Castex, J., Depaule, J. C. and Samuels, i. (2004) Urban Forms: the Death and Life of the Urban Block. Oxford: Architectural Press).
Peponis, J., Feng, C., Green, D., Haynie, D., Kim, S. H., Sheng, Q., Vialard, A. and Wang, H. (2015). Syntax and parametric analysis of superblock patterns. Journal of Space Syntax 5, 109-41.
Pesaresi, M. and Bianchin, A. (2001). Recognizing settlement structure using mathematical morphology and image texture. J.-P. Donnay, M. J. Barnsley and P. A. Longley, eds, Remote Sensing and Urban Analysis. London: Taylor & Francis, 46-60.
Raban, J. (1974). Soft City: What Cities Do To Us, and How They Change the Way We Live, Think and Feel. London: Hamish Hamilton.
Rashed, T., Weeks, J. R., Stow, D. and Fugate, D. (2006). Measuring temporal compositions of urban morphology through spectral mixture analysis: toward a soft approach to change analysis in crowded cities. international Journal of Remote Sensing 26, 699-718.
Rose, P., Keim, C., Robazza, G., Viejo, P. and Schofield, J. (2014) Cities and energy: urban morphology and residential heat-energy demand. Environment and Planning B: Planning and Design 41, 138-62.
Royal Town Planning institute (2020). Corporate Strategy, 2020-2030. (https://www. rtpi.org.uk/corporatestrategy/index.html?page=1) accessed 12.9.2021.
Rybarczyk, G. and Wu, C. (2014) Examining the impact of urban morphology on bicycle mode choice. Environment and Planning B: Planning and Design 41, 272-88.
Samuels, i. (1990). Architectural practice and urban morphology. T. R. Slater, ed., The Built Form of Western Cities. Leicester: Leicester University Press, 415-35.
Sardar, Z. (2010). The namesake: futures; futures studies; futurology; futuristic; foresight - what's in a name? Futures 42, 177-84.
Schaefer, G. (1928). Kunstgeographische Siedlungslandshaften und Stadtebilder. Basel: Buchdrukerei Zbinden und Hügin.
Schwind, M. (1951). Kulturlandschaft als objektivierter Geist Deutsche Geographische Blatter 46, 4-28
Scott, A. et al. (2013) Disintegrated development at the rural-urban fringe: re- connecting spatial planning theory and practice. Progress in Planning 83, 1-52.
Sharpe, J. (2017). Computer modelling in developmental biology: growing today, essential tomorrow. Development 144, 4214-25.
Sheppard, J. (1974). Metrological analysis of regular village plans in Yorkshire. Agricultural History Review 22, 118-35.
Siksna, A. (1997). The evolution of block size and form in North American and Australian city centres. Urban Morphology 1, 19-34.
Skeates, R. (1997). The infinite city. City 2(8), 6-20.
Slater, T. R. (1981). The analysis of burgage patterns in medieval towns. Area 13, 211-16.
Stanilov, K. (2010). Bridging the gap between urban morphology and urban modelling. Urban Morphology 17, 63-4.
Steadman, P. and Marshall, S. (2005). Archetypal layout: extending the concept of the archetypal building to streets and block layouts. Paper presented at the Solutions Conference, London.
Stöger, H. (2015). Roman neighbourhoods by the numbers: a space syntax view on ancient city quarters and their social life. Journal of Space Syntax 5, 61-80.
Strahm, H. (1950). Zur Verfassungstopographie der mittelalterlichen Stadte. Zeitschrift für Schweizer Geschichte 30, 406-7, 409-10.
Thompson, D. W. (1917). On Growth and Form. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
UK Research & innovation (2021). interdisciplinary research. (https://re.ukri.org/ research/interdisciplinary-research/). Accessed 21.9.2021.
United Nations (Department of Economic & Social Affairs) (2019). World population prospects 2019. (https://population.un.org/wpp/Graphs/Probabilistic/POP/TOT/900).
Accessed 21.9.2021.
Venerandi, A., Zanella, M., Romice, O., Dibble, J. and Porta, S. (2017). Form and urban change - an urban morphometric study of five gentrified neighbourhoods in London. Environment and Planning B: Urban Analytics and City Science 44, 1056- 76.
Whitehand, J. W. R. (1972). Urban-rent theory, time series and morphogenesis: an example of eclecticism in geographical research. Area 4: 215-22.
Whitehand, J. W. R. (1977). The basis for an historico-geographical theory of urban form. Transactions of the institute of British Geographers NS2, 400-16.
Whitehand, J. W. R. (1981). Background to the urban morphogenetic tradition. J. W.
R. Whitehand, ed., The Urban Landscape: Historical Development and Management. London; Academic Press, London, 1-24.
Whitehand, J. W. R. and Morton, N. J. (2004). Urban morphology and planning: the case of fringe belts. Cities 21, 275-89.
Whitehand, J. W. R. and Whitehand, S. M. (1984). The physical fabric of town centres: the agents of change. Transactions of the institute of British Geographers NS9, 231-47.
World Population Review (2021). Tokyo. (https://worldpopulationreview.com/world- cities/tokyo-population). Accessed 21.9.2021.
Xiao, Y., Orford, S. and Webster, C. J. (2016) Urban configuration, accessibility, and property prices: a case study of Cardiff, Wales. Environment and Planning B: Planning and Design 43, 108-29.
Ye, Y. and van Nes, A. (2014). Quantitative tools in urban morphology: combining space syntax, spacematrix and mixed-use index in a GiS framework. Urban Morphology 18, 97-118.
Yildrim, Y., Allen, D. J. and Albright, A. (2021). 'Listening' to urban form characteristics in transit-oriented developments (TODs). Urban Morphology 25, 151- 72.
